A microcontroller is essentially a self-contained system with a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals integrated on a single chip. It is designed to execute specific control-oriented tasks efficiently, such as reading sensor inputs, controlling motors, or managing communication protocols.

Key Components of a Microcontroller:

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions and controls the operation of the entire system.

what is an embedded system

• Flash Memory: Stores firmware or program code permanently.
• SRAM (Static RAM): temporary storage for variables during execution.
• EEPROM: Stores non-volatile data that can be modified.
• I/O Ports: Facilitate communication with external devices such as sensors and actuators.
• Timers and Counters: Used for precise timing operations and event counting.
• Communication Interfaces: Include I2C, SPI, UART, and CAN for connecting with other devices.
• Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): Converts analog signals from sensors into digital data.

✅ Significance: These integrated components make microcontrollers a cost-effective and power-efficient choice for managing tasks in embedded systems.

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